The projected spin-orbit angles do not depend on the model for the line contrast variations, and so, with a mutual inclination of 102.3 −8.0 +7.4°, we can conclude that the two planets are on perpendicular orbits. In this scenario, a joint fit to both datasets constrains the inclination of the star (111.6 −3.3 +3.1°) and the 3D spin-orbit angles of HD 3167b (29.5 −9.4 +7.2°) and HD 3167c (107.7 −4.9 +5.1°). Surprisingly different variations in the contrast of the stellar lines occulted by the two planets can be reconciled by assuming a latitudinal dependence of the stellar line shape.

We validated the technique through its application to published HARPS-N data of the mini-Neptune HD 3167c ( P = 29.8 days), refining its high sky-projected spin-orbit angle (−108.9 −5.5 +5.4°), and we applied it to new ESPRESSO observations of the super-Earth HD 3167 b ( P = 0.96 days), revealing an aligned orbit (−6.6 −7.9 +6.6°). We introduce the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Revolutions (RMR) technique, which can access the spin-orbit angle of small exoplanets by exploiting the full extent of information contained in spectral transit time series. However, multi-planet systems usually host mini-Neptunes and super-Earths, whose sizes make orbital architecture measurements challenging. de Astrofísica, ESAC campusĬomparisons of the alignment of exoplanets with a common host star and each other can be used to distinguish among concurrent evolution scenarios for the star and the planets. INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo,Ĭonsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Ĭentro de Astrobiología (CAB, CSIC-INTA), Depto. INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Universidade do Porto,Ĭentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto,ĭepartamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste,

Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève,Į-mail: of Physics, and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal,

Astronomical objects: linking to databases.

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